Classification of breed combinations for slaughter pigs based on genotypes-modeling DNA samples of crossbreeds as fuzzy sets from purebred founders.

In pig production, the production animals are generally three- or four-way crossbreeds. Reliable information regarding the breed of origin of slaughtered pigs is useful, even a prerequisite, for a number of purposes, e.g., evaluating potential breed effects on carcass grading. Genetic data from slaughtered pigs can easily be extracted and used for crossbreed classification. In the current study, four classification methods, namely, random forest (RF), ADMIXTURE, partial least squares regression (PLSR), and partial least squares together with quadratic discriminant analysis (PLS-QDA) were evaluated on simulated (n = 7,500) genomic data of crossbreeds. The derivation of the theory behind PLS-QDA is a major part of the current study, whereas RF and ADMIXTURE are known and well-described in the literature. Classification success (CS) rate, square loss (SL), and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence loss for the simulated data were used to compare methods. Overall, PLS-QDA performed best with 99%/0.0018/0.002 (CS/SL/KL) vs. 97%/0.0084/0.051, 97%/0.0087/0.0623, and 17%/0.068/0.39 for PLSR, ADMIXTURE, and RF, respectively. PLS-QDA and ADMIXTURE, as the most relevant methods, were used on a real dataset (n = 1,013) from Norway where the two largest classes contained 532 and 192 (PLS-QDA), and 531 and 193 (ADMIXTURE) individuals, respectively. These two classes were expected to be dominating a priori. The Bayesian nature of PLS-QDA enables inclusion of desirable features such as a separate class "unknown breed combination" and informative priors for crossbreeds, making this a preferable method for the classification of breed combination in the industry.

Eficiencia al digitalizar un archivo fotográfico antiguo de oftalmología / Efficiency when scanning old ophthalmologic slides

Objetivo Digitalizar nuestro archivo antiguo y evaluar la eficiencia de esta tarea, tanto en términos médicos como económicos. Material y métodos Se recogieron todas las diapositivas y negativos (8254) archivados en nuestro servicio, digitalizándose con un escáner de diapositivas de 5 megapíxeles. La antigüedad de las imágenes comprendía de 1972 a 1999. Se valoró la calidad y utilidad de las imágenes frente al coste del proceso, que ascendió a 2100euros, siendo realizado por el mismo oftalmólogo. esultados De aquellas cuyo paciente era identificable, un 62% ya habían fallecido. Solo un 1,5% del total de diapositivas fueron archivadas para su uso; 70 imágenes por razones docentes y 60 por razones médicas, siendo incorporadas al historial del paciente. Se calcularon unas 210horas invertidas en el escaneo, identificación, comprobación y subida de imágenes. El 84% correspondían a patología retiniana, 4% a patología glaucomatosa, 3% a patología de segmento anterior y el resto a material docente. La calidad de la mayoría de imágenes es buena, y, en algunos casos, fueron cruciales para el diagnóstico correcto de la patología. Si atendemos únicamente a razones asistenciales, la cantidad de diapositivas incorporables a la historia clínica es muy baja en archivos de más de 50 años. Conclusiones Aunque el porcentaje de imágenes escaneadas es bajo, consideramos la tarea eficiente puesto que el coste es bajo. Los archivos de más de 50 años de antigüedad deben ser evaluados antes de su escaneo por su baja utilidad (AU)

Objective To digitise our old archive and evaluate the efficiency of this task, both in medical and economic terms. Material and methods All slides and negatives (8,254) archived in our clinic were collected, digitised with a 5-megapixel slide scanner. The images were taken from 1972 to 1999. Quality and utility of images were taken into account, as far as costs of the task (up to 2,100 euros), all the work done by the same ophthalmologist. Results Of those identifiable, 62% of the patients had already died. Only 1.5% were archived for use; 70 images for teaching reasons and 60 for medical reasons, being incorporated into the patient's history. About 210hours were spent on scanning, identifying, checking and uploading images. 84% corresponded to retinal pathology, 4% to glaucomatous pathology, 3% to anterior segment pathology and the last 9% to learning material. The quality of most images is good, and, in some cases, were important for the correct diagnosis of the pathology. If only medical reasons are taken into account, the number of images uploaded is very low when working with archives older than 50 years. Conclusions Although there was a low percentage of scanned images, the task was efficient because of a low cost. Images older than 50 years must be evaluated before scanning because of their low utility (AU)

Efficiency when scanning old ophthalmologic slides.

OBJECTIVE: To digitise our old archive and evaluate the efficiency of this task, both in medical and economic terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All slides and negatives (8254) archived in our clinic were collected, digitised with a 5-megapixel slide scanner. The images were taken from 1972 to 1999. Quality and utility of images were taken into account, as far as costs of the task (up to 2100 euros), all the work done by the same ophthalmologist. RESULTS: Of those identifiable, 62% of the patients had already died. Only 1.5% were archived for use; 70 images for teaching reasons and 60 for medical reasons, being incorporated into the patient's history. About 210h were spent on scanning, identifying, checking and uploading images. 84% corresponded to retinal pathology, 4% to glaucomatous pathology, 3% to anterior segment pathology and the last 9% to learning material. The quality of most images is good, and, in some cases, were important for the correct diagnosis of the pathology. If only medical reasons are taken into account, the number of images uploaded is very low when working with archives older than 50 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was a low percentage of scanned images, the task was efficient because of a low cost. Images older than 50 years must be evaluated before scanning because of their low utility.

Oftalmología domiciliaria: una necesidad creciente / Home care ophthalmology: A growing need

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se estima que la población dependiente está en aumento, evitando que muchos puedan desplazarse a su hospital buscando asistencia. OBJETIVO: Analizar la población diana subsidiaria de atención oftalmológica. Secundariamente, elaboración de un protocolo a partir de unos casos concretos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se recogieron todos los casos de atención domiciliaria en patología oftalmológica desde 2011 a 2018 en el hospital do Salnés, de forma retrospectiva, y se analizaron las características de la exploración y de la patología. Se estableció un protocolo de exploración. RESULTADOS: Solo se atendieron a 7 pacientes a domicilio (petición expresa de la familia), todos ellos con movilidad reducida, y se resolvió la patología en 1,4 visitas de media. El 43% fueron nuevos diagnósticos y el 56% ya conocidos. DISCUSIÓN: Estimamos que, en nuestro medio, un 4,15% de la población requeriría atención oftalmológica domiciliaria. Desde nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer protocolo elaborado a tal efecto. CONCLUSIONES: Es posible y necesaria la atención domiciliaria en oftalmología con buena calidad asistencial. Para ello es necesaria la adopción de protocolos y la estandarización de este proceso

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that the dependent population is on the rise, with many of them unable to have hospital care due to mobility problems. PURPOSE: To determine the ophthalmic needs of this population, as well as to establish an examination protocol, using our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases of home care in Ophthalmology from 2011 to 2018 in Hospital do Salnés (Galicia) were collected retrospectively. Characteristics of the examination and diseases were analysed. An examination protocol was established. RESULTS: Only 7 patients (following family request), all with reduced mobility, were attended, and the pathology was resolved in a median of 1.4 visits. The majority (56%) had a previous diagnosis, with 43% a new diagnosis. DISCUSSION: In the area covered, 4.15% of the population was not able to attend this clinic, making home care necessary. To achieve this with quality, the first protocol was written using previous experience

Home care ophthalmology: A growing need. / Oftalmología domiciliaria: una necesidad creciente.

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that the dependent population is on the rise, with many of them unable to have hospital care due to mobility problems. PURPOSE: To determine the ophthalmic needs of this population, as well as to establish an examination protocol, using our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases of home care in Ophthalmology from 2011 to 2018 in Hospital do Salnés (Galicia) were collected retrospectively. Characteristics of the examination and diseases were analysed. An examination protocol was established. RESULTS: Only 7 patients (following family request), all with reduced mobility, were attended, and the pathology was resolved in a median of 1.4 visits. The majority (56%) had a previous diagnosis, with 43% a new diagnosis. DISCUSSION: In the area covered, 4.15% of the population was not able to attend this clinic, making home care necessary. To achieve this with quality, the first protocol was written using previous experience. CONCLUSIONS: Home care in ophthalmology with good quality of care is possible and needed. This requires the adoption of protocols and the standardisation of this process.

Arteritis de células gigantes y uso de calculadora de predictibilidad / Giant cell arteritis and usefulness of a predictive calculator

Introducción: La arteritis de células gigantes (ACG) es una enfermedad inflamatoria con afectación visual considerable, en cuyo diagnóstico la biopsia de arteria temporal (BAT) es muy importante. Material y métodos: Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo en el cual se recogen los casos con un diagnóstico de ACG desde 2010 hasta 2016 (60 casos), todos ellos con BAT realizada, y se analizan las características de la visión de estos pacientes, así como la necesidad/predictibilidad de la biopsia. Resultados: La incidencia media de ACG fue de 34,3 casos por 100.000 habitantes año mayores de 50 años. La edad media fue de 76,9 años con predilección por sexo femenino (1,9:1). La BAT fue solicitada en el 100% de los casos y resultó positiva en el 18,3%. Usando los criterios de ACG de la Sociedad Americana de Reumatología o la calculadora de predictibilidad para el resultado de la BAT, hubiésemos ahorrado la mayoría de las biopsias (90%). Conclusiones: La incidencia media de ACG en nuestro estudio en mayores de 50 años es de 34,3 casos por 100.000 habitantes año. La calculadora de predictibilidad descrita por González-López resulta útil en nuestro medio para la toma de decisiones sobre el diagnóstico de ACG y la indicación de BAT, de forma que nos permite reducir la realización de biopsias y recurrir a ellas solo en casos dudosos

Introduction: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory disease with serious visual sequelae, in which the diagnosis with the temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is very important. Material and methods: All cases of GCA were collected from 2010 to 2016 (60) in a retrospective study with temporal artery biopsy performed. The vision aspects of these patients were also analysed, along with the need / predictability of the biopsy. Results: The average incidence of GCA was 34.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year in those older than 50 years. The mean age was 79.9 with a predilection for females (1.9: 1). TAB was requested in 100% of cases, with 18.3% with positive results. The AAR criteria and / or TAB calculator could have avoided most (90%) of the biopsies.Conclusions: In the present study, the mean incidence of GCA was 34.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year older than 50 years. The predictability calculator described by González-López is useful in this environment for decision making on the diagnosis of GCA and the indication of a TAB, in such a way that it can help to reduce the performing of biopsies only in doubtful cases

Giant cell arteritis and usefulness of a predictive calculator. / Arteritis de células gigantes y uso de calculadora de predictibilidad.

INTRODUCTION: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an inflammatory disease with serious visual sequelae, in which the diagnosis with the temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is very important. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases of GCA were collected from 2010 to 2016 (60) in a retrospective study with temporal artery biopsy performed. The vision aspects of these patients were also analysed, along with the need / predictability of the biopsy. RESULTS: The average incidence of GCA was 34.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year in those older than 50 years. The mean age was 79.9 with a predilection for females (1.9: 1). TAB was requested in 100% of cases, with 18.3% with positive results. The AAR criteria and / or TAB calculator could have avoided most (90%) of the biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, the mean incidence of GCA was 34.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year older than 50 years. The predictability calculator described by González-López is useful in this environment for decision making on the diagnosis of GCA and the indication of a TAB, in such a way that it can help to reduce the performing of biopsies only in doubtful cases.

Genotype by feed interaction for feed efficiency and growth performance traits in pigs.

A major objective of pork producers is to reduce production cost. Feeding may account for over 75% of pork production costs. Thus, selecting pigs for feed efficiency (FE) traits is a priority in pig breeding programs. While in the Americas, pigs are typically fed high-input diets, based on corn and soybean meal (CS); in Western Europe, pigs are commonly fed diets based on wheat and barley with high amounts of added protein-rich coproducts (WB), e.g., from milling and seed-oil industries. These two feeding scenarios provided a realistic setting for investigating a specific type of genotype by environment interaction; thus, we investigated the genotype by feed interaction (GxF). In the presence of a GxF, different feed compositions should be considered when selecting for FE. This study aimed to 1) verify the presence of a GxF for FE and growth performance traits in different growth phases (starter, grower, and finisher) of 3-way crossbred growing-finishing pigs fed either a CS (547 boars and 558 gilts) or WB (567 boars and 558 gilts) diet; and 2) to assess and compare the expected responses to direct selection under the 2 diets and the expected correlated responses for one diet to indirect selection under the other diet. We found that GxF did not interfere in the ranking of genotypes under both diets for growth, protein deposition, feed intake, energy intake, or feed conversion rate. Therefore, for these traits, we recommend changing the diet of growing-finishing pigs from high-input feed (i.e., CS) to feed with less valuable ingredients, as WB, to reduce production costs and the environmental impact, regardless of which diet is used in selection. We found that GxF interfered in the ranking of genotypes and caused heterogeneity of genetic variance under both diets for lipid deposition (LD), residual energy intake (REI), and residual feed intake (RFI). Thus, selecting pigs under a diet different from the diet used for growing-finishing performance could compromise the LD in all growth phases, compromise the REI and RFI during the starter phase, and severely compromise the REI during the grower phase. In particular, when pigs are required to consume a WB diet for growing-finishing performance, pigs should be selected for FE under the same diet. Breeding pigs for FE under lower-input diets should be considered, because FE traits will become more important and lower-input diets will become more widespread in the near future.

Genetic correlations between feed efficiency traits, and growth performance and carcass traits in purebred and crossbred pigs.

Selection for feed efficiency (FE) is a strategy to reduce the production costs per unit of animal product, which is one of the major objectives of current animal breeding programs. In pig breeding, selection for FE and other traits traditionally takes place based on purebred pig (PB) performance at the nucleus level, while pork production typically makes use of crossbred animals (CB). The success of this selection, therefore, depends on the genetic correlation between the performance of PB and CB (rpc) and on the genetic correlation (rg) between FE and the other traits that are currently under selection. Different traits are being used to account for FE, but the rpc has been reported only for feed conversion rate. Therefore, this study aimed 1) to estimate the rpc for growth performance, carcass, and FE traits; 2) to estimate rg between traits within PB and CB populations; and 3) to compare three different traits representing FE: feed conversion rate, residual energy intake (REI), and residual feed intake (RFI). Phenotypes of 194,445 PB animals from 23 nucleus farms, and 46,328 CB animals from three farms where research is conducted under near commercial production conditions were available for this study. From these, 22,984 PB and 8,657 CB presented records for feed intake. The PB population consisted of five sire and four dam lines, and the CB population consisted of terminal cross-progeny generated by crossing sires from one of the five PB sire lines with commercially available two-way maternal sow crosses. Estimates of rpc ranged from 0.61 to 0.71 for growth performance traits, from 0.75 to 0.82 for carcass traits, and from 0.62 to 0.67 for FE traits. Estimates of rg between growth performance, carcass, and FE traits differed within PB and CB. REI and RFI showed substantial positive rg estimates in PB (0.84) and CB (0.90) populations. The magnitudes of rpc estimates indicate that genetic progress is being realized in CB at the production level from selection on PB performance at nucleus level. However, including CB phenotypes recorded on production farms, when predicting breeding values, has the potential to increase genetic progress for these traits in CB. Given the genetic correlations with growth performance traits and the genetic correlation between the performance of PB and CB, REI is an attractive FE parameter for a breeding program.

Genetic variation for farrowing rate in pigs in response to change in photoperiod and ambient temperature.

Seasonal infertility is often observed as anestrus and a lower conception rate resulting in a reduced farrowing rate (FR) during late summer and early autumn. This is often regarded as an effect of heat stress; however, we observed a reduction in the FR of sows even after correcting for ambient temperature in our data. Therefore, we added change in photoperiod in the analysis of FR considering its effect on sow fertility. Change in photoperiod was modeled using the cosine of the day of first insemination within a year. On an average, the FR decreased by 2% during early autumn with decreasing daily photoperiod compared with early summer with almost no change in daily photoperiod. It declined 0.2% per degree Celsius of ambient temperature above 19.2°C. This result is a step forward in disentangling the 2 environmental components responsible for seasonal infertility. Our next aim was to estimate the magnitude of genetic variation in FR in response to change in photoperiod and ambient temperature to explore opportunities for selecting pigs to have a constant FR throughout the year. We used reaction norm models to estimate additive genetic variation in response to change in photoperiod and ambient temperature. The results revealed a larger genetic variation at stressful environments when daily photoperiod decreased and ambient temperatures increased above 19.2°C compared with neutral environments. Genetic correlations between stressful environments and nonstressful environments ranged from 0.90 (±0.03) to 0.46 (±0.13) depending on the severity of the stress, indicating changes in expression of FR depending on the environment. The genetic correlation between responses of pigs to changes in photoperiod and to those in ambient temperature were positive, indicating that pigs tolerant to decreasing daily photoperiod are also tolerant to high ambient temperatures. Therefore, selection for tolerance to decreasing daily photoperiod should also increase tolerance to high ambient temperatures or vice versa.

Curiosidad: reflejo de estornudo fótico. Síndrome helio-oftálmico de estornudos compulsivos autosómico dominante / A curious fact: Photic sneeze reflex. Autosomical dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la implicación ocular en la fisiopatología del síndrome helio-oftálmico de estornudos compulsivos autosómico dominante (ACHOOs). MÉTODOS: Una familia de raza caucásica, que muestra las características clínicas de ACHOOs, fue interrogada. De toda la familia, 12 pacientes presentan reflejo fótico y fueron seleccionados. Se realiza una evaluación oftalmológica completa. RESULTADOS: Se encuentra una herencia autosómica dominante con penetrancia parcial. El 67% de los sujetos estudiados mostró algún grado de prominencia en los nervios corneales. No se encontraron otras alteraciones oculares. CONCLUSIONES: Los nervios corneales prominentes pueden tener asociación con el ACHOOs. Las otras estructuras del ojo estudiados no parecen desempeñar un papel en el ACHOOs. Se necesitan más estudios para comprender la fisiología del ACHOOs

OBJECTIVE: To assess ocular involvement in the pathophysiology of autosomal dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome (ACHOOs). METHODS: An interview was conducted with a Caucasian family that showed clinical features of ACHOOs. Twelve of them had photic reflex and were recruited. A complete eye evaluation was made. RESULTS: A dominant autosomal inheritance with mild penetrance was demonstrated, with 67% of the studied subjects showing some degree of prominent corneal nerves. No other eye changes were found. CONCLUSIONS: Prominent corneal nerves may be associated with ACHOOs. The other eye structures studied do not seem to play a role in ACHOOs. Further studies are needed to understand the physiology of the ACHOOs

A curious fact: Photic sneeze reflex. Autosomical dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome. / Curiosidad: reflejo de estornudo fótico. Síndrome helio-oftálmico de estornudos compulsivos autosómico dominante.

OBJECTIVE: To assess ocular involvement in the pathophysiology of autosomal dominant compelling helio-ophthalmic outburst syndrome (ACHOOs). METHODS: An interview was conducted with a Caucasian family that showed clinical features of ACHOOs. Twelve of them had photic reflex and were recruited. A complete eye evaluation was made. RESULTS: A dominant autosomal inheritance with mild penetrance was demonstrated, with 67% of the studied subjects showing some degree of prominent corneal nerves. No other eye changes were found. CONCLUSIONS: Prominent corneal nerves may be associated with ACHOOs. The other eye structures studied do not seem to play a role in ACHOOs. Further studies are needed to understand the physiology of the ACHOOs.

Implicación visual en perforaciones intestinales por cuerpo extraño / Visual involvement in foreign-body intestinal perforations

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las perforaciones digestivas por ingestión de cuerpo extraño (CE) suponen un 21% del total en nuestro medio. METODOLOGÍA: Se recogen todos los casos de perforación del aparato digestivo por ingestión de CE desde 1990 (29 casos), de forma retrospectiva, y se analiza las características de la visión de estos pacientes. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN: La edad media fue de 74,2 años (todos présbitas), con predilección por sexo femenino (1,9:1). El CE ingerido con más frecuencia fue la espina de pescado (55%). La agudeza visual de cerca corregida obtuvo un valor medio de 0,73, si bien la real (solo uno de ellos usaba gafa para comer) era de 0,145. Cuatro de ellos (20%) eran ojos únicos, y solo 12 (60%) presentaba TNO+. Al menos 13 (65%) tenían algún grado de catarata. CONCLUSIONES: La mejora de la agudeza visual de cerca, ya sea con cirugía de catarata temprana y/o lentes intraoculares multifocales podría disminuir el número de perforaciones digestivas

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal perforation due to ingestion of a foreign body accounts for 21% of the total in our hospital. METHODS: All cases of intestinal perforation due to foreign body ingestion occurring since 1990 were collected (29 cases), and the visual characteristics of these patients were analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The mean age was 74.2 years (all of them presbyopic) with the majority being female (1.9:1). The most frequently ingested foreign body was fish bone (55%). The corrected near visual acuity obtained a mean value of 0.73, while the real visual accuity (only one of them wore glasses to eat) was 0.145. Four patients (20%) had only one eye, and the TNO test was positive in only 12 (60%). At least 13 (65%) had some degree of cataract. CONCLUSIONS: Improving near visual acuity with either early cataract surgery and/or multifocal intraocular lenses may decrease the number of gastrointestinal perforations

Visual involvement in foreign-body intestinal perforations.

INTRODUCTION: Intestinal perforation due to ingestion of a foreign body accounts for 21% of the total in our hospital. METHODS: All cases of intestinal perforation due to foreign body ingestion occurring since 1990 were collected (29 cases), and the visual characteristics of these patients were analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The mean age was 74.2 years (all of them presbyopic) with the majority being female (1.9:1). The most frequently ingested foreign body was fish bone (55%). The corrected near visual acuity obtained a mean value of 0.73, while the real visual accuity (only one of them wore glasses to eat) was 0.145. Four patients (20%) had only one eye, and the TNO test was positive in only 12 (60%). At least 13 (65%) had some degree of cataract. CONCLUSIONS: Improving near visual acuity with either early cataract surgery and/or multifocal intraocular lenses may decrease the number of gastrointestinal perforations.

Linfoma orbitario secundario / Secondary orbital lymphoma

CASO CLÍNICO: Se presenta el caso de una mujer caucásica de 85 años, de raza caucasiana con un linfoma sistémico que recurre en la órbita (linfoma secundario de anejos oculares). El tumor orbitario era un linfoma B difuso de células grandes de acuerdo con la clasificación Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification (REAL). DISCUSIÓN: Los linfomas orbitarios son predominantemente proliferaciones de células B de varios tipos histológicos y la mayoría son tumores de bajo grado. Los pacientes normalmente son adultos de mediana edad o de edad avanzada, y ligeramente predomina más en mujeres. Los signos comunes de presentación incluyen una masa palpable, proptosis y ptosis palpebral

CASE REPORT: A case is presented of an 85 year-old Caucasian female with lymphoma that recurred in the orbit (secondary ocular adnexal lymphoma). The orbital tumour was a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma according to the REAL classification (Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification). DISCUSSION: Orbital lymphomas are predominantly B-cell proliferations of a variety of histological types, and most are low-grade tumours. Patients are usually middle-aged or elderly, and it is slightly more common in women. A palpable mass, proptosis and blepharoptosis are the most common signs of presentation

[Secondary orbital lymphoma]. / Linfoma orbitario secundario.

CASE REPORT: A case is presented of an 85 year-old Caucasian female with lymphoma that recurred in the orbit (secondary ocular adnexal lymphoma). The orbital tumour was a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma according to the REAL classification (Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification). DISCUSSION: Orbital lymphomas are predominantly B-cell proliferations of a variety of histological types, and most are low-grade tumours. Patients are usually middle-aged or elderly, and it is slightly more common in women. A palpable mass, proptosis and blepharoptosis are the most common signs of presentation.

Microhemangiomas iridianos: a propósito de un caso / Iris microhaemangiomas: presentation of a case

CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 74 años que acude por cuadro de visión borrosa en el ojo derecho, de 12 h de evolución, no acompañada de otra sintomatología. En la exploración biomicroscópica se observa un hipema de 3 mm en el ojo derecho y múltiples estructuras nodulares vasculares en el margen iridiano de ambos ojos. DISCUSIÓN: Los microhemangiomas vasculares iridianos son anomalías vasculares no relacionadas con la isquemia que deben ser incluidas en el diagnóstico diferencial de hipema espontáneo

CASE REPORT: A 74 year-old woman present with blurry vision of 12 hour duration in her right eye, and with no other symptoms. Biomicroscopic examination revealed a 3 mm hyphaema in her right eye and multiple nodular structures in the pupillary margin of both eyes. DISCUSSION: Iris tufts are vascular anomalies unrelated to ischaemia that must be included in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous hyphaema

Uncommon renal masses: Perirenal extramedullary hematopoiesis and multiple lymphangiomatosis with a perirenal lymphangioma.

OBJECTIVE: To present two cases of infrequent renal masses, trying to achieve the diagnosis before surgery. METHODS: We describe a case referred from the Department of Hematology in which bilateral perirrenal masses were described in the CT scan; after biopsy they where classified as extramedullary hematopoietic tissue. The other case was a patient presenting to the emergency room with dyspnea. CT Scan showed lungs with multiple cysts, chylothorax and a cystic-solid mass in the left perirenal space. In the lung biopsy they reported lung lymphangiomatosis, so we didn't perform renal biopsy. RESULTS: Most renal masses are renal carcinomas (856%). The less common diagnosis are sarcomas, lymphomas, upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas, metastases of other primary tumors, the Erdheim-Chester disease, the Castleman disease and benign tumors. All these diseases might show similar images in the CT scan and MRI, being the biopsy and histological study necessary for the diagnosis CONCLUSIONS: Perirenal extramedullary hematopoiesis and perirenal lymphangioma are rare diseases that need a pathologic study for their diagnosis.

[Iris microhaemangiomas: presentation of a case]. / Microhemangiomas iridianos: a propósito de un caso.

CASE REPORT: A 74 year-old woman present with blurry vision of 12 hour duration in her right eye, and with no other symptoms. Biomicroscopic examination revealed a 3 mm hyphaema in her right eye and multiple nodular structures in the pupillary margin of both eyes. DISCUSSION: Iris tufts are vascular anomalies unrelated to ischaemia that must be included in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous hyphaema.

[Conjunctival myeloid sarcoma in acute myeloblastic leukemia-M1]. / Sarcoma granulocítico conjuntival en leucemia mieloblástica aguda M1.

CLINICAL CASE: A 69-year-old man with a history of acute myeloblastic leukemia-M1 presented with bilateral conjunctival injection. Ophthalmological examination revealed lesions located at the upper tarsal conjunctiva of the right eye and lower tarsal conjunctiva of both eyes. Histological and immunohistochemical studies confirmed conjunctival myeloid sarcoma. The patient died due to multiorgan failure three months later. DISCUSSION: Extramedullary recurrence of leukemia can appear as an ocular manifestation that brings about a recurrence of the leukemia, leading to a poor prognosis.